What is a Pilot?
A pilot is someone who goes aboard a ship to guide it safely into or out of a harbour. They are usually local people, with a detailed knowledge of their particular area of water.
Pilots played an important part in the development of the Hartlepools. A major part of the towns’ income in the second part of the 19th century came from the ports. Ships had to be able to get merchandise to the docks, and back out again, as safely and as quickly as possible. The seas around the coast are dangerous, with many hidden rocks and sandbanks. Without the help of the pilots to guide them, many ships could have got into difficulty, and lives and cargo lost.
Trinity House and the Pilots
Trinity House is a maritime organisation involved in the safety of shipping and the welfare of mariners. It is runs the lighthouses and navigational aids in England and Wales. Until 1988, it was also responsible for pilots.
Trinity House has its origins in the 13th century, when a religious organisation called the Order of St Trinitas looked after needy sailors. They provided shelter for shipwrecked seamen, and those who were unable to take care of themselves due to accident or illness. They also provided almshouses (rent-free housing) for the families of men lost at sea. The seamen involved in the organisation gradually formed a series of Guilds around the country. These gave navigational advice to shipmasters in their area, and encouraged the development of the ports. The Guilds kept their religious origins, and the members were known as Bretheren. The first Guild to be formed in the north east was in 1300. It was originally at Berwick-upon-Tweed, near the border with Scotland, but soon moved to Newcastle. It financed itself by collecting fees from vessels mooring in the River Tyne to load and unload cargo.
On 4th January 1492 the Order of St Trinitas changed its name to the “Society of Masters and Mariners”, commonly known as Trinity House. It was based in London, but had branches at Scarborough, Hull, Dover, Leith and Dundee, as well as Newcastle. By the early 17th century, Trinity House’s duties were:
- To collect a fee (duty) on all cargoes coming in to port
- To charge a fee to every ship coming in to port, the money to be spent on maintaining lighthouses.
- To appoint pilots
- To set the fee a pilot could charge for his services
- To provide buoy markers for safe navigation
- To settle mariner’s disputes
- To support the poor associated with the House
Originally, Trinity House, Newcastle had only been responsible for the River Tyne and the sea approaching it. In 1606, however, the responsibilities of the House were spread to cover ninety miles (145km) of the coast, from Holy Island in the north to Whitby in the south.
In 1808 Parliament passed the Maritime Pilotage Act. This meant that all pilots had to be registered with Trinity House. If they met the standards laid down by Trinity House, they were issued with a license. Licenses were only valid for a particular area of water. For example, some pilots were licensed to take ships into the River Tees, but not back out.
The Ruler of Pilots
By the early 19th century, Trinity House, Newcastle, was responsible for ninety miles (145 km) of coastline, making it difficult to govern the more distant ports. This was solved by appointing a Ruler of Pilots (also known as a Pilot Master) for these ports. The first Ruler of Pilots for Hartlepool and the River Tees was appointed in 1811. His name was Anthony Pounder, and he had a house and office at Southgate, Hartlepool. It was the Ruler’s responsibility to make sure a pilot met any vessel which requested their services. He had to keep a register of pilots, and ensure that only licensed pilots were used. He was entitled to a portion of the pilots’ earnings, and also to part of the annual fee each pilot had to pay to renew his license.
In 1846 a group of nine Sub-Commissioners was formed to help the Ruler govern the Hartlepool pilots. They held their meetings in Hartlepool, although they were still answerable to Trinity House, Newcastle. The new committee was needed as the number of pilots had increased during the 19th century. The north east ports had become much busier due to the Industrial Revolution. Coal from the mines in County Durham had to be shipped around the country to power the new machinery. West Hartlepool developed its own port, and its first dock opened in 1847. This dock also had its own pilots.
Claiming Independence
Many pilots and shipowners were unhappy about being governed by Trinity House. They felt that they should not be run by an organisation which was thirty miles away. They also felt that any profits made should go directly into the local port, not to Trinity House. In 1864 the Hartlepool Pilotage Commissioners were formed to take control of the local pilots. Their name was changed to the Hartlepools Pilotage Authority in 1922. Trinity House’s duties at Stockton, Middlesbrough and Redcar were taken over by the Tees Pilotage Commission on 1st May 1882. Normally at this time pilots were allowed only one license, to work a particular area. Unusually, local pilots were allowed to hold licences for both the Hartlepools and the Tees until the end of the First World War (1918). At this point they had to choose which port to work, as they could no longer do both.
Pilotage services were re-organised in 1988, and the Tees and Hartlepool pilots were once again amalgamated. Today the service is run by the Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority, based at the Pilot Station at South Gare on the River Tees. All the pilots are now licensed for both ports.
Trinity House ceased operating pilots in 1988. Today, it is responsible for lighthouses, the safety, welfare and training of mariners, and Deep Sea pilots (pilots who stay on board a vessel the whole time it is trading in European waters).
How to become a Pilot
Each pilot had a license to work a particular stretch of water. In the early part of the 19th century, there were twenty-four pilots licensed for Hartlepool, and twelve of these also had a license for the River Tees. As the ports became busier, more pilots were needed. By 1851, there were seventy-nine pilots for Hartlepool, twelve of whom had licenses for the Tees.
Pilots in the mid-19th century were self-employed, but they were governed by Trinity House, Newcastle. Their licenses had to be renewed on 5th August every year. There were strict rules about who could have a license:
- Only relatives of qualified pilots could apply.
- An applicant had to have a good character.
- An applicant had to find an existing pilot willing to take him on as an apprentice.
- Once he had his license, the new pilot had to hire or buy a coble (a type of small boat the pilots used to row or sail out to meet incoming ships).
In addition, the applicant had to pass an exam:
- He had to show knowledge of the navigational marks, buoys and beacons in his district.
- He had to understand the local currents and how they were affected by sandbanks, rocks etc.
- He had to demonstrate the correct handling of sailing vessels under various conditions of sail and tide.
The apprenticeship to become a pilot lasted about five or six years. The number of licenses was limited, so even after qualifying a pilot might have to wait for an existing pilot to die or retire. If any pilots broke any of the Trinity House rules, or if they caused a ship in their care to be damaged, they were punished by having their license suspended or cancelled. The apprenticeship scheme lasted until the 1950s. After this, pilots were recruited from seamen with a Master Mariners certificate.
What's in a Name?
The earliest known licensed pilots for Hartlepool were William Coulson, Robert Johnson and William Hastings, who received their licenses in 1747. Because licenses were only granted to relatives of existing pilots, the same families were connected to piloting throughout many generations. In Hartlepool and Seaton, these were the families of Boagey, Pounder, Lithgo, Hunter, Harrison, Hodgson and Coulson. In the 1860s the rules were relaxed as more pilots were needed. From this point other families also became involved with piloting.
Looking for Work
The pilots charged a fee to every ship they brought in or out of harbour. The price depended on the size and tonnage of a vessel, and was calculated by the depth of the ship in the water. In 1851 the rate for Hartlepool was one shilling and three pence per foot in summer, and one shilling and sixpence per foot in winter. By today’s prices, this would be about £4- £5 per foot. Bad weather in winter would make the job harder, hence the higher charge. A portion of the fee was paid over to Trinity House.
A large part of a pilot’s time was spent in looking for ships to guide into harbour. They would often travel far out from shore in order to be the first to spot an incoming ship. They could be at sea for hours in open topped boats, with very little shelter from the wind, rain or cold. Once a likely ship was sighted, the pilots had to race one another to reach her first. Underhand tactics were sometimes used to gain an advantage. The boats (called cobles) were often sabotaged by rival pilots. This was done by puncturing the hull or damaging the sails or rudder. Sometimes a bucket was secretly slung under a boat, so that the drag would slow her down.
Once a pilot had reached a ship, he first had to make sure it was bound for his home port. Then the pilot would jump across from his boat to the other ship, and catch hold of a rope ladder to climb on board. This was difficult and dangerous. If the pilot jumped too soon, his coble could rise on a wave and knock him off the ladder. If he jumped too late, the coble would drop away underneath him, making him lose his grip on the ladder. If the pilot fell into the water his heavy clothes would drag him down, and he might drown.
Once aboard, the pilot would stay with the ship to guide her into harbour. His coble would either be towed behind the ship, or else sailed back by his apprentice. Once the ship was docked, the pilot would re-join his coble, and go back out looking for work.
Masters of ships often had “preferred” pilots in each port. This was a pilot they used regularly. They would notify their preferred pilot when the ship was due to arrive, and he would sail out to meet them. Getting the message to the pilot was difficult in the days before radio. Before the 19th century, messages were sent via other, faster, ships. As communications improved, a message could be sent by letter or by a system of signalling stations which had been set up around the coast. One pilot was known to use homing pigeons, which were released by an obliging lighthouse keeper when he recognised a passing ship.
The Cobles
The pilots’ boats were called “cobles”, and were similar to those used by the local fishermen. The coble is a kind of boat which is only found on the north east coast of England, and is still used as a fishing boat today. The design of the pilots’ coble differed depending on where it had been built. In the middle of the 19th century, Hartlepool boats were built by Jonathan Cambridge, in his yard overlooking the Fish Sands, and by the Pounder family. Hartlepool-built cobles were 27 to 28 feet (around 8.5m) long, 5 to 6 feet (1.5m) across, and about 2.5 to 3 feet (1m) deep. They were made from only ten planks of wood. This required great skill, but meant that there were fewer joints, so the boat was much stronger. This was important because the coble would get buffeted about when it was alongside a ship’s hull. At the beginning of the 19th century, they carried a two-man crew, but by the end of the century this had increased to three. The third person was an assistant to help row or sail the boat.
Each boat carried a spare rudder and two removable masts; a short one for bad weather, and a larger one for fine weather. In heavy seas, sacks of sand were used as ballast (a heavy weight to make the boat more stable). Pilot cobles could be recognised by their markings. They were always painted or tarred black, with their licence number and port identification letter on the side (bow). The identification letter for Hartlepool was an “H”. The boats all flew a red and white flag. Some pilots had two types of vessel, a coble and a boat. Boats were lighter, and handled better in fine weather. They were 18 ½ feet (5.5m) long. They had no mast, and were rowed by the pilot and his apprentice. When not in use, the boats and cobles could be landed on the beach, and dragged up above the high tide mark. At Hartlepool, they were tied up alongside the “Old” Pier, which became known as the Pilots Pier.
The boats and cobles became less practical by the end of the 19th century. Cargo ships changed from sail to steam-power, but the pilots kept their traditional vessels. They could not launch their cobles in bad weather, which cost the shipowners valuable time. In the early 1900s the pilots began to use steam cutters. These were larger boats powered by engines, which meant that they were not so much at the mercy of the wind or tide. The cutter would go out taking several pilots at a time. When a ship arrived, a pilot would be ferried over in a small boat. The cutter would also collect pilots who had been guiding outward-bound ships out of the harbour. When all the pilots had been collected or put on board ships, the cutter would go back to harbour to pick up another group.
Earning a Bit on the Side
How much a pilot earned depended on the number of ships he could guide in or out of the harbour. During quiet times, many pilots made extra money from fishing. In winter and spring they caught cod, haddock and whiting. At the end of the summer there were salmon, returning to the River Tees to spawn. Crabs and lobsters could be found among the rocks on the coast. The pilots also sold bait to passing Scottish fishing boats. These arrived in late summer every year, following shoals of migrating mackerel.
Other sources of income included gathering seaweed, which was sold to local farmers as a fertiliser. They also salvaged for wreckage washed up onto the beach. This might include rope, timbers and sails, tar, pitch, copper nails and oakum (a tarred rope fibre, used to waterproof seams in wooden ships). They also collected sea coal from the beach at Seaton Carew, which can be dried out and used as fuel. This is still done by many locals today.
What the Well-Dressed Pilot is Wearing
Pilots spent hours at sea in open boats, looking for business. They needed clothing which would keep them as warm and dry as possible. Pilots around the country wore different styles of dress, but pilots working the same stretch of water all wore similar clothes as a uniform. At the end of the 19th century a Hartlepool pilot would wear:
- thick woollen trousers
- a navy blue donkey jacket
- a thick woollen jersey called a gansey
- oilskins made from stiff calico (a thick cotton fabric) waterproofed with boiled linseed oil
- woollen or silk gloves inside leather gloves
- woollen stockings
- knee length leather boots (the soles were held on with wooden pegs, as nails would have rusted in the seawater)
- a sou’wester (waterproof hat) or a peaked cap.
Warm, waterproof clothing is just as important today. A modern pilot is issued with warm trousers and waterproof shoes. The most important item of clothing, however, is the coat. This has a life jacket built into it. If the pilot falls into the water, the life jacket inflates automatically. The coat is also fitted with a light, which can be seen by rescuers over a great distance.
Conclusion
Piloting is a highly skilled and dangerous job. The local pilots from the mid to the end of the 19th century had a particularly difficult time. The demand for coal meant a huge increase in the number of ships to carry it around the coast. Pilots were needed more than they ever had been before. But conditions at that time were very harsh. The boats and the equipment they used were basic, and there was very little regard for safety. Nevertheless, a pilot was a respected member of the community. There are families in the towns today who have been linked to piloting for generations. Without the pilots to navigate the ships into and out of the docks, the towns of Hartlepool and West Hartlepool would never have become the successful ports which they were at the end of the 19th century.
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Hartlepool Sports & Leisure
Early steam powered Pilot Cutter
Created by Francis Elsdon
Donated by Hartlepool Museum Service
Created by Francis Elsdon
Donated by Hartlepool Museum Service
Created by Francis Elsdon
Donated by Hartlepool Museum Service
